把一条学习原理，连到你能改的那一处设计。

Coherent multimedia and integrated representations

Combine words and relevant graphics when both serve the target relation, integrate references spatially or temporally, and remove seductive or redundant material.

Recommendation

Use content-appropriate, coherent, accessible representations rather than modality matching.

Mechanism

Complementary representations can support selection, organization, and integration while coherent layout reduces avoidable search and split attention.

Applicable contexts and prerequisites

Learner Stages

• primary
• secondary
• adult

Task Types

• process explanation
• spatial relation
• system model

Contexts

• slides
• interactive media
• textbook
• simulation

Lifespan Stages

• cross-lifespan

• A target relation that benefits from depiction
• Accessible alternatives for visual and auditory content

Constraints and risks

• Representation choice must follow content and access needs, not a learner-style label
• Signal relations explicitly

• Decorative media
• Narrating identical dense on-screen text
• Assuming more modalities always help

Observable evidence

• Indicator

  Accurate integration across representations

  Measure

  Explanation, diagram-text mapping, retention, transfer, and access-barrier report

  Timing

  After learning and on a novel representation

  Caveat

  Preference for a format is not evidence that it improves learning

Evidence

context-dependent

Evidence-rated institutional guidance supports graphics with verbal descriptions, with cognitive-load and accessibility boundary conditions.

Confidence

moderate

Directness

direct-intervention

Generalizability

Strongest when visuals depict relevant structure and are coherently integrated.